Emotion and Motivation

Directions:
Select the BEST response alternative for each of the questions below.

1. Although languages may differ from culture to culture, the universality hypothesis of Charles Darwin suggests that ________ are uniform across different cultures.

A) body postures

B) vocal intonations

C) facial expressions

D) physical events (e.g., shaking hands)

2. Emily is camping in the woods when suddenly her heart starts racing and her breathing increases. She isn't even aware that a bear has come out from behind a tree, but suddenly she begins feeling terror! Which theory of emotions suggests that our bodies' physiological changes can lead to the emotion of fear?

A) Plutchik's Emotional Wheel theory.

B) Schachter and Singer Two-Factor theory.

C) Cannon-Bard theory.

D) James-Lange theory.

3. If you were to place your best friend in the middle of a dark room and then turn on the lights, his or her reaction might depend on what they saw. If they saw a knife-wielding killer coming at them, they might label this as threatening and experience fear. If they saw 20 friends throwing confetti and yelling "Happy Birthday," they might label this as happy and then experience joy. The need to assess our surroundings before knowing what kind of emotion to feel is the basis of the ________ theory of emotions.

A) James-Lange

B) Cannon-Bard

C) Lazarian emotional wheel

D) Schachter and Singer two-factor

4. In the movie "Speed," the characters played by Sandra Bullock (Annie) and Keanu Reaves (Jack) go through some very intense action, after which they find themselves ready to share a passionate kiss. Before that kiss happens, however, Annie says "Relationships that start under intense circumstances never work." In psychological terms, she is referencing the phenomenon of ________, which means we can incorrectly assign meaning to an emotion because of physiological responses or changes that we experience.

A) cognitive error

B) directional bias

C) misattribution

D) emotional mistakes

5. Which of the following concepts underlies the placement of emotions on Plutchik's Emotion Wheel?

A) Emotions should be placed on opposite ends of the wheel when they contrast each other.

B) Emotions should be placed alphabetically around the wheel so it is easy to remember which one goes in which position.

C) Emotions all exist in the same intensity, which is why the Emotion Wheel only exists in two dimensions.

D) One side of the wheel should refer to negative emotions while the other side should refer to positive emotions, but which emotion goes in which slot is not relevant.

6. In general, which of the following groups can detect and interpret nonverbal cues the best?

A) Children.

B) Women.

C) Domesticated pets.

D) None of the above, all are about equal.

7. Some people believe that if you are angry you should express your feelings, because getting the emotions "out" will help them to go away faster. According to the work of Ekman and Friesen, what do you know about this belief?

A) They found that expressing anger does, in fact, help it to go away since it is no longer bottled up inside.

B) They found that expression of anger only helps if the expression is aggressive. Healthy aggression, like pounding nails into a board or hitting a punching bag, is the best therapy for reducing anger.

C) They found that expressing emotions simply spreads them to others, but does not intensify or diminish them for ourselves.

D) They found that expressing emotions seems to intensify, not diminish, how we feel them.

8. On average, the expression of a true emotion will last approximately:

A) seven plus or minus two seconds.

B) one half of a second.

C) sixty seconds.

D) two minutes.

9. The major precept of catharsis theory, the idea that venting our emotions helps to deflate them, has found what response in the research community?

A) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for children, since they don't have the vocabulary to express their anger in other ways.

B) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for men, since they get angry much more often than women.

C) Research has not supported the idea that venting can decrease rage, and in fact has found that venting can cause rage to increase.

D) Research has found that catharsis is only useful for people who live in individualistic cultures, and not those who live in collectivist cultures.

10. The __________ principle states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

A) extrinsic drive

B) intrinsic drive

C) hedonic

D) motivation

11. Every Thursday, Yvette goes to the local grocery store and spends $5 on tickets to try to win the Super Lotto. She knows that her chance of winning is very low, but she also dreams of winning the $200 million prize. Yvette's behavior can best be explained by the ________ theory of motivation.

A) instinct

B) central-state

C) drive-reduction

D) incentive

12. This term Professor Willen decided to take a course in American Sign Language in addition to her own teaching responsibilities. Although it was odd to be taking a class alongside some of her own students, she enjoyed the experience immensely. When her boss asked her why she was taking the course, she said, "I don't really know! I've just always wanted to learn sign language!" Professor Willen's decision to take this class is a prime example of ________ motivation.

A) extrinsic

B) hedonic

C) intrinsic

D) incentive

13. The __________ law states that in general people perform at their best when they experience a moderate level of arousal; too little arousal will not motivate their best effort, and too much arousal will interfere with their performance.

A) Yerkes-Dodson

B) Berman-Silverman

C) Wertheimer-Werth

D) Shneidman-Farberow

14. The first, or bottom, level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes ________ needs.

A) social

B) physiological

C) safety

D) esteem

15. Which of the following needs explains why people join cults or gangs, even when such group membership can pose a serious threat to that person's health or even their life?

A) The need for physical safety.

B) The need for belongingness.

C) The need for satisfaction.

D) The need for esteem.

16. The ________ theory states that workers decide how satisfied they feel with their jobs by comparing themselves to others.

A) equity

B) relativistic

C) expectancy

D) incentive

End of Quiz!

Your score out of 100%: %

The correct answers are marked by a "C" in the box before each question. The incorrect questions are marked by an "X".

1.	Although languages may differ from culture to culture, the universality hypothesis of Charles Darwin suggests that ________ are uniform across different cultures.
	A)	body postures
	B)	vocal intonations
	C)	facial expressions
	D)	physical events (e.g., shaking hands)
2.	Emily is camping in the woods when suddenly her heart starts racing and her breathing increases. She isn't even aware that a bear has come out from behind a tree, but suddenly she begins feeling terror! Which theory of emotions suggests that our bodies' physiological changes can lead to the emotion of fear?
	A)	Plutchik's Emotional Wheel theory.
	B)	Schachter and Singer Two-Factor theory.
	C)	Cannon-Bard theory.
	D)	James-Lange theory.
3.	If you were to place your best friend in the middle of a dark room and then turn on the lights, his or her reaction might depend on what they saw. If they saw a knife-wielding killer coming at them, they might label this as threatening and experience fear. If they saw 20 friends throwing confetti and yelling "Happy Birthday," they might label this as happy and then experience joy. The need to assess our surroundings before knowing what kind of emotion to feel is the basis of the ________ theory of emotions.
	A)	James-Lange
	B)	Cannon-Bard
	C)	Lazarian emotional wheel
	D)	Schachter and Singer two-factor
4.	In the movie "Speed," the characters played by Sandra Bullock (Annie) and Keanu Reaves (Jack) go through some very intense action, after which they find themselves ready to share a passionate kiss. Before that kiss happens, however, Annie says "Relationships that start under intense circumstances never work." In psychological terms, she is referencing the phenomenon of ________, which means we can incorrectly assign meaning to an emotion because of physiological responses or changes that we experience.
	A)	cognitive error
	B)	directional bias
	C)	misattribution
	D)	emotional mistakes
5.	Which of the following concepts underlies the placement of emotions on Plutchik's Emotion Wheel?
	A)	Emotions should be placed on opposite ends of the wheel when they contrast each other.
	B)	Emotions should be placed alphabetically around the wheel so it is easy to remember which one goes in which position.
	C)	Emotions all exist in the same intensity, which is why the Emotion Wheel only exists in two dimensions.
	D)	One side of the wheel should refer to negative emotions while the other side should refer to positive emotions, but which emotion goes in which slot is not relevant.
6.	In general, which of the following groups can detect and interpret nonverbal cues the best?
	A)	Children.
	B)	Women.
	C)	Domesticated pets.
	D)	None of the above, all are about equal.
7.	Some people believe that if you are angry you should express your feelings, because getting the emotions "out" will help them to go away faster. According to the work of Ekman and Friesen, what do you know about this belief?
	A)	They found that expressing anger does, in fact, help it to go away since it is no longer bottled up inside.
	B)	They found that expression of anger only helps if the expression is aggressive. Healthy aggression, like pounding nails into a board or hitting a punching bag, is the best therapy for reducing anger.
	C)	They found that expressing emotions simply spreads them to others, but does not intensify or diminish them for ourselves.
	D)	They found that expressing emotions seems to intensify, not diminish, how we feel them.
8.	On average, the expression of a true emotion will last approximately:
	A)	seven plus or minus two seconds.
	B)	one half of a second.
	C)	sixty seconds.
	D)	two minutes.
9.	The major precept of catharsis theory, the idea that venting our emotions helps to deflate them, has found what response in the research community?
	A)	Research has found that catharsis is only useful for children, since they don't have the vocabulary to express their anger in other ways.
	B)	Research has found that catharsis is only useful for men, since they get angry much more often than women.
	C)	Research has not supported the idea that venting can decrease rage, and in fact has found that venting can cause rage to increase.
	D)	Research has found that catharsis is only useful for people who live in individualistic cultures, and not those who live in collectivist cultures.
10.	The __________ principle states that people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
	A)	extrinsic drive
	B)	intrinsic drive
	C)	hedonic
	D)	motivation
11.	Every Thursday, Yvette goes to the local grocery store and spends $5 on tickets to try to win the Super Lotto. She knows that her chance of winning is very low, but she also dreams of winning the $200 million prize. Yvette's behavior can best be explained by the ________ theory of motivation.
	A)	instinct
	B)	central-state
	C)	drive-reduction
	D)	incentive
12.	This term Professor Willen decided to take a course in American Sign Language in addition to her own teaching responsibilities. Although it was odd to be taking a class alongside some of her own students, she enjoyed the experience immensely. When her boss asked her why she was taking the course, she said, "I don't really know! I've just always wanted to learn sign language!" Professor Willen's decision to take this class is a prime example of ________ motivation.
	A)	extrinsic
	B)	hedonic
	C)	intrinsic
	D)	incentive
13.	The __________ law states that in general people perform at their best when they experience a moderate level of arousal; too little arousal will not motivate their best effort, and too much arousal will interfere with their performance.
	A)	Yerkes-Dodson
	B)	Berman-Silverman
	C)	Wertheimer-Werth
	D)	Shneidman-Farberow
14.	The first, or bottom, level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes ________ needs.
	A)	social
	B)	physiological
	C)	safety
	D)	esteem
15.	Which of the following needs explains why people join cults or gangs, even when such group membership can pose a serious threat to that person's health or even their life?
	A)	The need for physical safety.
	B)	The need for belongingness.
	C)	The need for satisfaction.
	D)	The need for esteem.
16.	The ________ theory states that workers decide how satisfied they feel with their jobs by comparing themselves to others.
	A)	equity
	B)	relativistic
	C)	expectancy
	D)	incentive