ENVS4900: Pollution of Lakes and Rivers

REFERENCES

Chapter 1

Ball, P. (1999) Life’s Matrix: A Biography of Water. Farrar Straus & Giroux, New York.

Kalff, J. (2001) Limnology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Likens, G.E. (ed.) (1985) An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Mirror Lake and Its Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Naiman, R.J., Magnuson, J.J., McKnight, D.M. and Stanford, J.A. (eds.) (1995) The Freshwater Imperative: A Research Agenda. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Postel, S. and Carpenter, S. (1997) Freshwater ecosystem services. In Daily, G.C. (ed), Nature’s Services. Island Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 195-214.

Ricciardi, A. and Rasmussen, J. (1999) Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conservation Biology, Vol. 13, pp. 1220-1222.

Smol , J.P. (1990) Are we building enough bridges between paleolimnology and aquatic ecology? Hydrobiologia, Vol. 214, pp. 201-206.

Spiedel, D.H. and Agnew, A.F. (eds.) (1998) Perspectives on Water: Uses and Abuses. Oxford University Press, New York.

Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press, San Diego.

Chapter 2

Magnuson, J. (1990) Long-term ecological research and the invisible present. Bioscience, Vol. 40, pp. 495-501.

Nicholls, K.E. (1997) Planktonic green algae in western lake Erie: the importance of temporal scale in the interpretation of change. Freshwater Biology, Vol. 38, pp. 419-425.

Schindler, D.W. (1990) Experimental perturbations of whole lake as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Oikos, Vol. 57, pp. 25-41.

Smol, J.P. (1992) Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, Vol. 1, pp. 49-58.

Tilman , D. (1989) Ecological experimentation: Strengths and conceptual problems. In Likens, G.E. (ed.), Long Term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 136-157.

Weatherhead , P.J. (1986) How unusual are unusual events? American Naturalist, Vol. 128, pp. 150-154.

Chapter 3

Callender, E. and Van Metre, P.C. (1997) Reservoir sediment cores show U.S. lead declines. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 424A-428A.

Carpenter, S.R. and Cottingham, K.L. (1997) Resilience and restoration of lakes. Conservation Ecology B(1), 2. (electronic only)

Charles, D.F., Bonford, M.W., Fry, B.D., Furlong, E., Hites, R.A., Mitchell, M., Norton, S.A., Patterson, M.J., Smol, J.P., Uutala, A.J., White, J.R., Whitehead, D.R. and Wise, R.J. (1990) Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adriondack Mountains, N.Y. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 3, pp. 195-241.

Deevey, E.S., Jr. (1969) Coaxing history to conduct experiments. BioScience, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 40-43.

Smol, J.P. (1990b) Paleolimnology – Recent advances and future challenges. Memoire dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Vol. 47, pp. 253-276. 

Chapter 4

Appleby, P.G. and Oldfield, F. (1978)

Appleby and Oldfield (1992) Application of lead-210 to sedimentation studies. In Uranium Series Disequilibrium: Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences (2nd edition), Eds: Harmon and Ivanovich, Chapter 21, pp. 731-778.

Appleby, P.G. et al (1991) 241Am dating of lake sediments. Hydrobiologia, Vol. 214, pp. 35-42.

Appleby, P.G. et al. (1993)

Appleby, P.G. (1998)

Appleby, P.G. (2001) In Last and Smol

Cumming, B.F., Smol, J.P., Kingston, J.C., Charles, D.F., Birks, H.J.B., Camburn, K.E., Dixit, S.S., Uutala, A.J. and Selle, A.R. (1992) How much acidification has occurred in Adriondack region (New York, USA) lakes since preindustrial times? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 49, pp. 128-141.

Davidson, G.A. (1988) A modified tape-peel technique for preparing permanent qualitative microfossil slides. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 1, pp. 229-234.

Glew, Smol, J.P. and Last, W.M. (2001) Sediment core collection and extrusion. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.) Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 73-105.

Kilby, G.W. and Batley, G.E. (1993) Chemical indicators of sediment chronology. Australian Journal of marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 44, pp. 635-647.

Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J.M. and Meybeck, M. (1971) Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 11, pp. 407-414.

Lamoureaux (2001) Varve chronology techniques. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.) Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 247-260.

Livingstone, D.A. (1955) A lightweight piston sampler for lake deposits. Ecology, Vol. 36, pp. 137-139.

Mackereth, F.J.H. (1958) A portable core sampler for lake deposits. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 3, pp. 181-213.

Oldfield, F. and Appleby, P.G. (1984) Empirical testing of 210Pb-dating models for lake sediments. In Haworth, E.Y. and Lund, J.W.G. (eds.), Lake Sediments and Environmental History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 93-124.

Renberg, I. (1991) The HON-Kajak sediment corer. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 6, pp. 167-170.

Renberg, I. (1981) Improved methods for sampling, photographing and varve-counting of varved lake sediments. Boreas, Vol. 10, pp. 255-258.

Robbins, J.A. (1978) Geochemical and geophysical applications of radioactive lead. In Nriagu, J.O. (ed.), Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 285-393.

Smol, J.P. and Dickman, M.D. (1981) The recent histories of three Canadian Shield lakes: a paleolimnological experiment. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Vol. 93, pp. 83-108.

Stephenson, M., Klaverkamp, J., Motycka, M., Baron, C. and Schwartz, W. (1996) Coring artifacts and contaminant inventories in lake sediment. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 15, pp. 99-106.

Wright, H.E. Jr. (1991) Coring tips. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 6, pp. 37-49.

Chapter 5: Smol book series chapters only

Battarbee, R.W., Carvalho, L., Jones, V.J., Flower, R.J., Cameron, N.G., Bennion, H. and Juggins, S. (2001) Diatoms. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.) Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 3, Terrestrial, Algal, and Silaceous Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 155-202.

Cranwell, P.A. (1984) Organic geochemistry of lacustrine sediments: triterpenoids of higher-plant origin reflecting post-glacial vegetational succession.

Dean, W.E., Jr. (1974) Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcerous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: Comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 44, pp. 242-248.

De Deckker, P., Colin, J.P. and Peypouquet, J.P. (eds.) (1988) Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Elias, S.A. (2001) Coleoptera and Trichoptera. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 105-123.

Francis, D.R. (2001) Bryozoan statoblasts. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 105-123.

Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F. and Lemcke, G. (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 25, pp. 101-110.

Holmes, J.A. (2001) Ostracoda. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 105-123.

Ito, E. (2001) Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic carbonates. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 351-371.

King and Peck (2001) Uses of paleomagnetismin studies of lake sediments. Turney and Lowe (2001) Tephrochronology. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 371-389.

Korhola, A. and Rautio, R. (2001) Cladocera and other Brachiopod Crustaceans. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 5-41

Mackereth, F.J.H. (1966) Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Vol. 250, pp. 165-213.

Meyers, P.A. and Lallier-Vergés, E. (1999) Lacustrine sedimentary organic matter records of Late Quaternary paleoclimates. Journal of Paleolimnologhy, Vol. 21, pp. 345-372.

Meyers, P.A. and Teranes, J.L. (2001) Sediment organic matter. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 239-269.

Nowaczyk, N.R. (2001) Logging of magnetic suseptibility. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 1: Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 155-170.

Patterson and Smith (2001) Fish. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 173-187.

Rose, N. (2001) Fly-ash particles.  In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 319-341.

Sandgren, P. and Snowball, I. (2001) Application of mineral magnetic techniques to paleolimnology. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 217-237.

Smol, J.P. (1981) Problems associated with the use of ‘species diversity’ in paleolimnological studies. Quaternary Research, Vol. 15, pp. 209-212.

Turney and Lowe (2001) Tephrochronology. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 1, Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 451-471.

Uutala, A.J. (1990) Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) mandibles – paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 4, pp. 139-151.

Walker (2001) Midges: Chironomidae and Diptera. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 4, Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 43-66.

Chapter 6

Birks, H.J.B. (1995) Quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions. In Maddy, D. and Brew, J.S. (eds.), Statistical Modelling of Quaternary Science Data. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge, pp. 161-254.

Birks, H.J.B. (1998) Numerical tools in paleolimnology – progress, potentialities, and problems. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 20, pp. 307-322.

Charles, D.F. (1990)

Dixit, S.S., Cumming, B.F., Kingston, J.C., Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B., Uutala, A.J., Charles, D.F. and Camburn, K. (1993) Diatom assemblages from Adriondack lakes (N.Y., USA) and the development of inference models for retrospective environmental assessment. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 8, pp. 27-47.

Fritz, S.C., Cumming, B.F., Gasse, F. and Laird, K. (1999) Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes. In Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 41-72.

Smol, J.P. (1990) Are we building enough bridges between paleolimnology and aquatic ecology? Hydrobiologia, Vol. 214, pp. 201-206.

Chapter 7

Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds.) (1990) Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification. Royal Society of London, London.

Battarbee, R.W. (1990) The causes of lake acidification, with special reference to the role of acid deposition. In Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds.) (1990) Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 339-347.

Battarbee, R.W. and Renberg, I. (1990) The Surface Water Acidification Project (SWAP) Paleolimnology Programme. In Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds.) (1990) Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 227-233.

Battarbee, R.W., Allott, T.E.H., Juggins, S., Keiser, A.M., Curtus, C. and Harriman, R. (1996) Critical loads of acidity to surface waters: An empirical diatom-based paleolimnological model. Ambio, Vol. 25, pp. 366-369.

Battarbee, R.W., Charles, D.F., Dixit, S.S. and Renberg, I. (1999) Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity. In Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 85-127.

Birks, H.J.B., Line, J.M., Juggins, S., Stevenson, A.C. and ter Braak, C.J.F. (1990) Diatoms and pH reconstruction. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 263-278.
 
Charles, D.F., Battarbee, R.W., Renberg, I., van Dam, H. and Smol, J.P. (1990) Paleoecological analysis of lake acidification trends in North America and Europe using diatoms and chrysophytes, In Norton, S.A., Lindberg, S.E. and Page, A.L. (eds.), Acid Precipitation, Volume 4: Soils, Aquatic Processes, and Lake Acidification. Springer-Verlag, Stutgart, pp. 207-276.

Charles, D.F. and Whitehead, D.R. (1986) The PIRLA project: Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification. Hydrobiologia, Vol. 143, pp. 13-20.

Charles, D.F. and Smol, J.P. (1990) The PIRLA II project: regional assessment of lake acidification trends. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung von Limnolgen, Vol. 24, pp. 474-480.

Cumming, B.F., Smol, J.P. and Birks, H.J.B. (1992) Scaled chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Syunurophyceae) from Adriondack (N.Y., USA) drainage lakes and their relationship  to measured environmental variables, with special reference to lakewater pH and labile monomeric aluminum. Journal of Phycology, Vol. 28, pp. 162-178.

Cumming, B.F., Smol, J.P., Kingston, J.C., Charles, D.F., Birks, H.J.B., Camburn, K.E., Dixit, S.S., Uutala, A.J. and Selle, A.R. (1992) How much acidification has occurred in Adriondack region (New York, USA) lakes since preindustrial times? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 49, pp. 128-141.

Cumming, B.F., Davey, K., Smol, J.P., and Birks, H.J. (1994) When did Adriondack Mountain lakes begin to acidify and are they still acidifying? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 1550-1568.

Dixit, A.S., Dixit, S.S. and Smol, J.P. (1992) Algal microfossils provide high temporal resolution of environmental trends. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 62, pp. 75-87.

Dixit, S.S., Dixit, A.S. and Smol, J.P. (1992) Assessment of changes in lake water chemistry in Sudbury area lakes since preindustrial times. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 49 (Suppl. 1), pp. 8-16.

Dixit, S.S., Dixit, A.S., Smol, J.P. and Keller, W. (1995) Reading the records stored in lake sediments: A method of examining the history and extent of industrial damage to lakes. In Gunn, J.M. (ed.), Restoration and  Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 33-44.

Ek, A.S. and Renberg, I. (2001) Heavy metal pollution and lake acidity changes cause by one thousand years of copper mining at Falun, central Sweden. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 26, p. 89-107.

Faegri, K. (1990) Paleolimnology and lake acidification: A Summary. In Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds.) (1990) Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 441-445.

Gorham, E. (1989) Lakes under a three-pronged attack. Nature,  Vol. 381, pp. 109-110.

Guilizonni, P., Lami, A., Marchetto, A., Appleby, P.G. and Alvisi, F. (2001) Fourteen years of paleolimnological research of a past industrial polluted lake (L. Orta, Northern Italy): an overview. Journal of Limnology, Vol. 60, pp. 249-262.

Hodgson, D.A., Vyverman, W., Chepstow-Lusty, A. and Tyler, P.A. (2000) From rainforest to wasteland in 100 years: The limnological legacy of Queenston mines, Western Tasmania. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Vol. 149, pp. 153-176.

Pennington, W. (1984) Long-term natural acidification of upland sites in Cumbria: Evidence from post-glacial sediments. In Freshwater Biological Association Report 52, pp. 28-46.

Renberg, I., Brodin, Y.W., El-Daoushy, F., Oldfield, F., Rippey, B., Sandoy, Wallin, J.E., Timberlid, A. and Wik, M. (1990) Recent acidification and biological changes in Lilla Öresjön, southwest Sweden, and the relation to atmospheric pollution and land-use history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Vol. 327, pp. 391-396.

Renberg, I. and Battarbee, R.W. (1990) The SWAP Paleolimnology Programme: A Synthesis. In Mason, B.J. (ed.), The Surface Waters Acidification Programme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 281-300.

Renberg, I. (1990) A 12 600 year perspective of the acidification of Lilla Öresjön, southwest Sweden. In Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds.) (1990) Paleolimnology and Lake Acidification. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 441-445.

Renberg, I. (1986)

Renberg, I., Korsman, T. and Anderson, N.J. (1993) A temporal perspective of lake acidification in Sweden. Ambio, Vol. 22, pp. 264-271.

Renberg, I, Korsman, T. and Birks, H.J.B. (1993) Prehistoric increases in the pH of acid-sensitive Swedish lakes caused by land-use changes. Nature, Vol. 362, pp. 824-826.

Rosenqvist, I.T. (1977) Acid Soil – Acid Water. Ingeniörforlaget, Oslo. (no translation available)

Rosenqvist , I.T. (1978) Alternative sources of acidification of river waters in Norway. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 10, pp. 39-49.

Schindler, D.W., Mills, K.H., Malley, D.F., et al. (1985) Long-term ecosystem stress: The effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake. Science, Vol. 228, pp. 1395-1401.
 
Schindler , D.W. (1998) A dim future for boreal waters and landscapes. BioScience Vol. 48, pp. 157-164.

Smol, J.P., Cumming, B.F., Dixit, A.S. and Dixit, S.S.(1998) Tracking recovery patterns in acidified lakes: a paleolimnological perspective. Restoration Ecology, Vol. 6, pp. 318-326.

Whitehead, D.R., Charles, D.F. and Goldstein, R.A.(1990) The PIRLA project (Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification): An introduction to the synthesis of the project. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 3, pp. 187-194.

Chapter 8

Abbott, M.B. and Wolfe, A.P. (2003) Intensive pre-Incan metallurgy recorded by lake sediments from the Bolivian Andes. Science, Vol. 301, pp. 1893-1895.

Boyle, J.F. (2001) Inorganic geochemical methods in paleolimnology.  In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 83-141.

Boudreau , B.P. (1999) Metals and models. Diagenetic modeling of freshwater lacustrine sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 22, pp. 227-251.

Brännvall, M.-L., Bindler, R., Emteryd, O., Nilsson, M. and Renberg, I. (1997) Stable isotope and concentration records of atmospheric lead pollution in peat and lake sediments in Sweden. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 100, pp. 243-252.

Brännvall, M.-L., Bindler, R., Renberg, I., Emeteryd, O., Bartnicki, J. and Billström, K. (1999) The Medieval metal industry was the cradle of modern large-scale atmospheric lead pollution in Northern Europe. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 4391-4395.

Callender, E. and Van Metre, P.C. (1997) Reservoir sediment cores show U.S. lead declines. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 424A-428A.

Carignan , R. and Tessier, A. (1985) Zinc deposition in acid lakes: The role of diffusion. Science, Vol. 228, pp. 1524-1526.

Dixit , S.S., Dixit, A.S. and Smol, J.P. (1991) Multivariable environmental inferences based on diatom assemblages from Sudbury (Canada) lakes. Freshwater Biology, Vol. 26, pp. 251-265.

Guilizzoni, P., Lami, A., Marchetto, A., Appleby, P.G. and Alvisi, F. (2001) Fourteen years of paleolimnological research  of a past industrial polluted lake (L. Orta, Northern Italy): an overview. Jounral of Paleolimnology, Vol. 60, pp. 249-262.

Rognerud , S.and Fjeld, E. (2001) Trace element contamination of Norwegian lake sediments. Ambio, Vol. 30, pp. 11-19.

Nriagu, J.O. and Wong, H.K.T. (1986) What fraction of the total metal flux into lakes is retained in the sediments? Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 31, pp. 999-1006.

Shotyk , W., Weiss, D., Appleby, P.G., Cherburkin, A.K., Frei, R., Gloor, M., Kramers, J.D., Reese, S. and Van Der Knaap, W.O. (1998)  History of atmospheric lead  deposition since 12,370 14C yr BP from a peat bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Science, Vol. 281, pp. 1635-1640.

Norton, S.A. (2007) Atmospheric metal pollutants - archives, methods, and history. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 7, pp. 93-98.

Weiss, D., Shotyk, W., Cheburkin, A.K., Gloor, M. and Reese, S. (1997) Atmospheric lead deposition from 12,400 to ca. 2,000 yrs BP in a peat bog profile, Jura Mountians, Switzerland. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 100, pp. 311-324.

Weiss, D., Shotyk, W. and Kempf, O. (1999) Archives of atmospheric lead pollution. Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 86, pp. 262-275.

Yang, H. and Rose, N. (2005) Trace element pollution records in some UK lake sediments, their history, influence factors and regional differences. Environment International, Vol. 31, pp. 63-75.

Chapter 9

Blais, J.M., Schindler, D.W., Muir, D., Kimpe, L., Donald, D. and Rosenberg, B. (1998) Accumulation of persistent organochlorine  compounds in mountains of western Canada. Nature, Vol. 395, pp. 585-588.

Blais, J.M. and Muir, D.C. (2001) Paleolimnological methods and applications for persistent organic pollutants. In Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Volume 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 271-298.

Blais, J.M., Macdonald, R.W., Mackay, D., Webster, E., Harvey, C. and Smol, J.P. (2007) Biologically mediated transport of contaminants to aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 41, pp. 1075-1084.

Carignan, R., Lorrain, S. and Lum, K.(1994) A 50-year record of pollution by nutrients, trace metals and organic chemicals in the St. Lawrence River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 51, pp. 1088-1100.

Eisenreich, S., Capel, P., Robbins, J. and Bourbonniere, R. (1989) Accumulation and diagenesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lacustrine  sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 1116-1126.

Fernández, P., Vilanova, R.M., Martínez, C., Appleby, P.G. and Grimalt, J.O. (2000) The historical record of atmospheric pyrolytic pollution over Europe in the sedimentary PAH from remote mountain lakes. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 1906-1913.

Ludwig, J.P, Kurita-Matsuba, H., Auman, H.J., Ludwig, M.E., Summer, C.L., Giesy, J.P., Tillitt, D.E. and Jones, P.D. (1996) Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocrax auritus)  and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) of the upper Great Lakes 1986-1991: Testing a cause-effect hypotheses. Journal of Great Lakes Research, Vol. 22, pp. 172-197.

Miskimmin, B.M. and Schindler , D.W. (1994) Long-term invertebrate community response to toxaphene treatment in two lakes: 50-yr records reconstructed from lake sediments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 923-932.

Muir, D., Omelchenko, A., Grift, N. et al (1996) Spatial trends and historical deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian midlatitudes and Arctic lake sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol., 30, pp. 3609-3617.

Simcik , M., Eisenreich, S., Golden, K., liu, S.-P., Lipiatou, E., Swackhamer, D. and Long, D.  (1996) Atmospheric loading of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to lake Michigan as recorded in sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 3039-3046.

Smith, J.N. and Levy, E.M. (1990) Geochronology for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in sediments of the Saguenay Fjord. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 24, pp. 874-879.

Van Metre, P.C., Callendar, E. and Fuller, C.C. (1997) Historic trends in organochlorine compounds in river basins identified using sediment cores from reservoirs. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 2339-2344.

Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (1993) Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions. Ambio, Vol. 22, pp. 10-18.

Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (1996) Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 390A-396A.

Wong, C.S., Sanders, G., Engstrom, D., Long, D., Swackhamer, D. and Eisenreich, S. (1995) Accumulation, inventory, and diagenesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in Lake Ontario sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 2661-2672.

Chapter 10

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (1998) AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. AMAP, Oslo. (link)

Barrie, L., Gregor, D., Hargrave, B., Lake, R., Muir, D., Shearer, R., Tracey, B. and Bidleman, T. (1992) Arctic contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 122, pp. 1-74.

Campbell, L.M., Hecky, R.E., Muggide, R., Dixon, G.G. and Ramlal, P.S. (2003) Variation and distribution of total mercury in water, sediment and soil from northern Lake Victoria, East Africa. Biogeochemistry, Vol. 65, pp. 195-211.

Esposito, K. (1998) The metal that slipped away. Wisconsin Natural resources Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 19-25.

Fitzgerald, W.F., Engstrom, D.E., Mason, R.P. and Nater, E.A. (1998) The case for atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 1-7.

Frazier, B., Wiener, J., Rada, R. and Engstrom, D. (2000) Stratigraphy and historic accumulation of mercury in recent depositional sediments in the Sudbury River, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 57, pp. 1062-1072.

Heinke, G.W. and Deans, B. (1973) Water supply and waste disposal systems for Arctic communities. Arctic, Vol. 26, pp. 149-159.

Hermansson, M.K. (1998) Anthropogenic mercury deposition to Arctic lake sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 101, pp. 309-321.

Hermanson, M.K. and Brozowski , J.R. (2005) History of Inuit community exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in sewage lake sediments. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 113, pp. 1308-1312.

Landers, D., Gubala, C., Verta, M., Lucotte, M., Johansson, K., Vlasova, T. and Lockhart, L. (1998) Using lake sedimentary mercury flux ratios to evaluate the regional and continental dimensions of mercury deposition in arctic and boreal ecosystems. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 32, pp. 919-928.

Lockhart, W.L., Macdonald, R.W., Outridge, P.M., Wilkinson, P., DeLaronde, J.B. and Rudd, J.W.M. (2000) Tests of the fidelity of lake sediment core records of mercury deposition to known histories of mercury contamination. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 260, pp. 171-180.

Martínez-Cortizas, A., Pontevedra-Pombal, X., García-Rodeja, E., Nóvoa-Muñoz, J.C. and Shotyk, W. (1999) Mercury in a Spanish peat bog: Archive of climate change and atmospheric deposition. Science, Vol. 284, pp. 939-942.

Morel, F.M.M., Kraepiel, A.M.L. and Amyot, M. (1998) The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 29, pp. 543-566.

Rasmussen, P.E. (1994) Current methods of estimating atmospheric mercury fluxes in remote areas. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 2233-2241.

Shotyk, W., Norton, S.A. and Farmer, J.G. (eds.) (1997) Peat Bog Archives of Atmospheric Metal Deposition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Tomiyasu, T., Matsuyama, A., Eguchi, T., et al. (2006) Spatial variations of mercury in sediment of Minamata Bay, Japan. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 368, pp. 283-290.

Chapter 11

Borcard, D., Legendre, P. and Drapeau, P. (1992) partially out of the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology, Vol. 73, pp. 1045-1055.

Brenner, M., Whitmore, T.J., Flannery, M.S. and Binford, M.W. (1993) Paleolimnological methods for defining target conditions in lake restoration: Florida case studies. Lake and Reservoir Management, Vol. 7, pp. 209-217.

Carmichael, W.W. (1994) The toxins of Cyanobacteria. Scientific American, Vol. 270, pp. 78-86.

Cooper, S.R. (1995) Chesapeke Bay watershed historical land use: Impact on water quality and diatom communities. Ecological Applications, Vol. 5, pp. 703-723.

Cooper , S.R. (1999) Estuarine paleolimnological reconstructions using diatoms. In Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications to the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cooper, S.R. and Brush, G. (1991) Long-term history of Chesapeake Bay anoxia. Science, Vol. 254, pp. 992-996.

Cooper , S.R. and Brush , G. (1993) A 2500-year history of anoxia and eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries, Vol. 16, pp. 617-626.

Engstrom, D. and Wright, H.E., Jr (1984) Chemical stratigraphy of lake sediments. In Haworth, E. and Lund, J. (eds.), Lake Sediments and Environmental History. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 11-67.

Hall, R.I., Leavitt, P.R., Quinlan, R., Dixit, A. and Smol, J.P. (1999b) Effects of agriculture, urbanization and climate on water quality in the Northern Great Plains. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 44, pp. 739-756.

Hall, R.I. and Smol, J.P. (1999) Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication. In: Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 128-168.

Hodell , D.and Schelske , C. (1998) Production, sedimentation, and isotopic composition of organic matter in Lake Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 43, pp. 200-214.

Lotter , A.F. (1998) The recent eutrophication of Baldeggersee (Switzerland) as assessed by fossil diatom assemblages. The Holocene, Vol. 8, pp. 395-405.

Ludlam, S., Feeny, S. and Douglas, M.S.V. (1996) Changes in the importance of Iotic and littoral diatoms in a High Arctic lake over the last 191 years. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 16, pp. 184-204.

Mackereth, F.J.H. (1966) Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Vol. 250, pp. 165-213.

McGowan, S., Britton, G., Haworth, E. and Moss, B. (1999) Ancient blue-green blooms. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 44, pp. 436-439.

Lotter, A.F. (1998) The recent eutrophication of Baldeggersee (Switzerland) as assessed by fossil diatom assemblages. The Holocene, Vol. 8, pp. 395-405.

Reavie,  E.D. and Smol , J.P. (1999) Epilithic diatoms in the St. Lawrence River and their relationships to water quality. Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 76, pp. 251-257.

Scheffer,  M., Hosper, S.H., Meijer, M.-L., Moss, B. and Jeppesen, E. (1993) Alternate equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 8, pp. 275-279.

Schelske,  C.L., Stoermer, E.F., Conley, D.J., Robbins, J.A. and Glover, R.M. (1983) Early eutrophication in the lower Great Lakes: New evidence from biogenic silica in sediments. Science, Vol. 222, pp. 320-322.

Schindler, D.W., Falff, J., Welch, H.E., Brunskill, G.J., Kling, H. and Kritsch, N. (1974) Eutrophication in the High Arctic – Meretta Lake, Cornwallis Island (75º N lat.). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 31, p. 647-662.

Schindler, , D.W. (2006) Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 51, pp. 356-363.

Stoermer, E.F., Wolin, J., Schelske, C.L. and Conley, D. (1985a) An assessment of ecological changes during the recent history of Lake Ontario based on siliceous algal microfossils preserved in the sediments. Journal of Phycology, Vol. 21, pp. 257-276.

Stoermer, E.F., Emmert, G., Julius, M.L. and Schelske, C.L. (1996) Paleolimnologic evidence of rapid recent change in Lake Erie’s trophic status. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 53, pp. 1451-1458.

Thoms, M.C., Ogden, R.W. and Reid, M.A. (1999) Establishing the condition of lowland floodplain rivers: a paleo-ecological approach. Freshwater Biology, Vol. 41, pp. 407-423.

Wolin, J.A., Stoermer, E.F. and Schelske, C.L. (1991) Regional changes in Lake Ontario 1981-1987: Microfossil evidence of phosphorus reduction. Journal of Great Lakes Research, Vol. 17, pp. 229-240.

Wolfe, A.P., Baron, J.S. and Cornett, R.J. (2001) Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological change in alpine lakes of the Colorado Front range (U.S.A.). Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 25, pp. 1-7.

Vallentyne, J.R. (1974) The algal bowl: lakes and man. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Miscellaneous Special Publication, Vol. 22, pp. 1-86.

Chapter 12

Davis, M.B. (1976) Erosion rates and land use history in southern Michigan. Environmental Conservation, Vol. 3, pp. 139-148.

Dapples, F., Lotter, A.F., van Leeuwen, J.F.N., van der Knapp, W.O., Dimitriadis, S. and Oswald, D. (2002) Paleolimnological evidence for increased landslide activity due to forest clearing and land-use since 3,600 cal BP in the western Swiss Alps. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 27, pp. 239-248.

Dearing, J.A., Alström, K., Bergman, A., Regnell, J. and Sandgren, P. (1990) Recent and long-term records of soil erosion from southern Sweden. In Boardman, J., Foster, I.D.L. and Dearing, J.A. (eds.), Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 173-191.

Dearing, J.A. (1994) Reconstructing the history of soil erosion. In Roberts, N. (ed.), The Changing Global Environment. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 242-261.

Jones, R., Chambers, E.M. and Benson-Evans, K. (1991) Heavy metals (Cu and Zn) in recent sediments of Llangorse Lake, Wales: non-ferrous smelting, Napoleon and the price of wheat – a paleoecological study. Hydrobiologia, Vol. 214, pp. 149-154.

Pearson (2002)

Oldfield, F. (1991) Environmental Magnetism – a personal perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 10, pp. 73-85.

Thompson, R., Battarbee, R., O’Sullivan, P. and Oldfield, F. (1975) Magnetic susceptibility of lake sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 20, pp. 687-698.

Wolfe (2006)

Chapter 14

?

Chapter 15

Leavitt, P.R., Vinebrooke, R., Donald, D.B., Smol, J.P. and Schindler, D.W. (1997) Past ultraviolet radiation environments revealed using fossil pigments in lakes. Nature, Vol. 388, pp. 457-459.

Pienitz, R. and Vincent , W. (2000) Effects of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes. Nature, Vol. 404, pp. 484-487.

Schindler, D., Curtis, P.J., Parker, B. and Stainton, M. (1996) Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature, Vol. 379, pp. 705-708.

Vincent , W. and Pienitz , R. (1996) Sensitivity of high-latitude freshwater ecosystems to global change: temperature and solar radiation. Geoscience Canada, Vol. 23, pp. 231-236.

Yan, N.D., Keller, W., Scully, N., Lean, D. and Dillon, P. (1996) Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification. Nature, Vol. 381, pp. 141-143.

Chapter 16

Finney, B., Gregory-Eaves, I., Sweetman, J., Douglas, M.D. and Smol, J.P. (2000) Impacts of climatic change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years. Science, Vol. 290, pp. 795-799.

Hodgson, D.A., Johnston, N.M., Caulkett, A.P. and Jones, V.J. (1998) Paleolimnology of Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella populations and implications for Antarctic management. Biological Conservation, Vol. 83, pp. 145-154.

Fritz, S.F., Cumming, B.F., Gasse, F. and laird, K. (1999) Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climate change in saline lakes. In Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press,

Joshi, S.R. and McNeely, R. (1988) Detection and fallout of 155Eu and 207Bi in a 210Pb-dated lake sediment core. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 122, pp. 183-191.

Meriläinen, J.J., Hynynen, J., Palomäki, A., Veijola, H., Witick, A., Mäntykoski, K., Granberg, K. and Lehtinen, K. (2001) Pulp and paper mill pollution and subsequent ecosystem recovery of a large boreal lake in Finland: a paleolimnological analysis. Journal of Palelimnology, Vol. 26, pp. 11-35.

Siegel, F., Kravitz, J. and Galasso, J. (2000) Arsenic in arctic sediment cores: Pathfinder to chemical weapons dump sites? Environmental Geology, Vol. 39, pp. 705-706.

Additional

Cattaneo et al (1998)

Haberyan, K.A. (2001) Coring and extruding sediments from shallow lakes with  the simple, inexpensive VolksCorer and VolksExtruder. Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 26, pp. 219-223.

Pearce, F (1997)

Plumb (1981)

Talbot, M.R. (2001)

Ter Braak (1986)

ISOTOPE RATIOS:

Chow, T.J., Snyder, C.B., and Earl, J.L. (1975) Isotope ratios of lead as pollutant source indicators. In Symposium on isotope ratios as pollutant source and behavior indicators; 18 Nov 1974; Vienna, Austria; Isotope ratios as pollutant source and behaviour indicators. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Schell, W.R. and Barnes, R.S. (1986) Environmental Isotope and Anthropogenic Tracers of Recent lake Sedimentation. In Fritz, P. and Fontes, J.Ch, Handbook of Environmental isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 2. Elsevier.

SWAP PAPERS:

Appleby, P.G. et al (1990) 

Birks, H.J.B. et al (1990b)

Oldfield, F. and Richardson, N. (1990)

Rippey, B. (1990)

Wik, N. and Nataksni, J. (1990)