REFERENCES

Diffusion Tubes

• Atkins, C.H.F., Sandalls, J., Law, D.V., Hough, A.M., and Stevenson, K. (1986) The measurement of nitrogen dioxide in the outdoor environment using passive diffusion samplers. AERE-R12133, Harwell Laboratory. 
• Brown, R.H. (1993) The use of diffusive samplers for monitoring of ambient air. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1859-1874.
• Boleij. J.S.M., Lebret, E., Hoek, F., Noy, D. and Brunekreef, B. (1986) The use of Palmes diffusion tubes for measuring NO₂ in homes. Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 597-600.
• Campbell, G.W. (1988) Measurements of nitrogen dioxide concentrations at rural sites in the United Kingdom using diffusion tubes. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 251-270.
• Campbell, G.W., Stedman, J.R. and Stevenson, K. (1994) A survey of nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the United Kingdom using diffusion tubes, July-December 1991. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 477-486.
• Chao, C.Y.H. (2001) Comparison between indoor and outdoor air contaminant levels in residential buildings from passive sampler study. Building and Environment, Vol. 35, pp. 999-1007.
• Hamilton, R.P. and Heal, M.R. (2004) Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 12-17.
• Hansen, T.S., Kruse, M., Nissen, H., Glasius, M. and Lohse, C. (2001) Measurements of nitrogen dioxide in Greenland using Palmes diffusion tubes. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 139-145.
• Heal, M.R. and Cape, J.N. (1997) A numerical evaluation of chemical interferences in the measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide by passive diffusions samplers. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, No. 13, pp. 1911-1923. 
• Heal, M.R., Kirby, C. and Cape, J.N. (2000) Systematic biases in measurement of urban nitrogen dioxide using passive diffusion samplers. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 39-54.
• Gair, A.J., Penkett, S.A. and Oyola, P. (1991) Development of a simple passive technique for the determination of nitrogen dioxide in remote continental locations. Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics, Vol. 25 A, No. 9, pp. 1927-1939.
• Gayathri, N. and Balasubramanian, N. (1999) Spectrophotometic determination of nitrogen dioxide nitrite and nitrate with Neutral Red. Analysis, Vol. 27, pp. 174-181.
• Glasius, M., Carlsen, M.F., Hansen, T.S. and Lohse, C. (1999) Measurements of nitrogen dioxide on Funen using diffusion tubes. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1177-1185.
• Kirby, C., Fox, M. and Waterhouse, J. (2000) Reliability of nitrogen dioxide passive diffusion tubes for  ambient measurement: in situ properties of the triethanolamine absorbent. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 307-312.
• Moschandreas, D.J., Relwani, S.M. and Taylor, K.C. (1988) A laboratory evaluation of a nitrogen dioxide personal sampling device. Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics, Vol. 24 A, No. 11, pp. 2807-2811.
• Niosh Method 6700
• Palmes, E.D., Gunnison, A.F., DiMattio, J. and Tomczyk, Z. (1976) Personal sampler for nitrogen dioxide. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 570-577.
• Shooter, D. (1993) The modern student laboratory - Chemistry and the environment : Nitrogen Dioxide and its determination in the atmosphere. A simple method for surveying ambient pollution concentrations. Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. A133-A140. 
• Shooter, S. Brimblecombe, P., Shooter, J., Lowe, D., Day, P.J. and Du, S. (1997) Some characteristics and applications of nitrogen dioxide passive samplers.
• Yamada, E., Kimura, M., Tomozawa, K. and Fuse, S. (1990) Simple analysis of atmospheric NO₂, SO₂, and O₃, in mountains by using passive samplers. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 23, pp. 4141-4145.
• Plaisance, H., Piechocki-Minguy, A., Garcia-Fouque, S., Galloo, J.C. (2004) Influence of meteorological factors on the NO₂ measurements by passive diffusion tube. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 573-580.
• Pleijel, H., Pihl Karlsson, G., Binsell Gerdin, E. (2004) On the logarithmic relationship between NO₂ concentration and the distance from a highroad. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 332, No. 1-3, pp. 261-264.
• Stevenson, K., Bush, T. and Mooney, D. (2001) Five years of nitrogen dioxide measurement with diffusion tube samplers at over 1000 sites in the UK. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 35, No. 2, 2001, pp. 281-287.
• Xiao, D., Lin, L., Yuan, H., Choi, M.M.F. and Chan, W. (2005) A passive sampler for determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air. Journal of Chemical Education, Vol.  82, No. 8, pp. 1231-1233.

• Busbin, D.D., Feigley, C.E., Underhill, D.W. and Salzberg, D. (2006) A second look at the Palmes' Diffusive Sampler. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 56, No. 10, pp. 1431-1439.
• Bush, T., Smith, S., Stevenson, K., Moorcroft, S. (2001) Validation of nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube methodology in the UK. Atmospheric Environment, Vol, 35, No. 2, pp. 289-296.
• Cotterill, A. and Kingham, S. (1997) Nitrogen Dioxide in the Home: Cooking, Double Glazing or Outdoor Air? Indoor and Built Environment, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 344-349.
• da Silva, A.S., Cardoso, M.R., Meliefste, K. and Brunekreef, B. (2006) Use of passive diffusion sampling method for defining NO₂ concentrations gradient in São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, Vol. 5, pp. 19.
• De Santis, F., Dogeroglu, T., Menichelli, S., Vazzana, C., Allegrini, I. (2001) The use of a new passive sampler for ozone and nitrogen oxides monitoring in ecological effects research. The Scientific World Journal [electronic resource] 1, pp. 475-482
• Linakera, C.H., Chauhanb, A.J., Inskipa, H.M., Holgateb, S.T., Coggona, D. (2000) Personal exposures of children to nitrogen dioxide relative to concentrations in outdoor air. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 57, pp. 472-476.
• Loader, A. (2001) Investigation of the effects of preparation technique on performance of nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes. NETCEN Report AEAT/ENV/R/0563, Harwell, UK.
• Mukerjee, S., Smith, L.A., Norris, G.A., Morandi, M.T., Gonzales, M., Noble, C.A., Neas, L.M., Özkaynak, A.H. (2004) Field Method Comparison between Passive Air Samplers and Continuous Monitors for VOCs and NO₂ in El Paso, Texas. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 307-319
• Molina, F., Velásquez, J.B., Toro, M.V., Gómez, M., Molina, E. (2004) Usage of passive and active samplers for quick evaluation of air quality in small townships. Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting and Exhibition, pp. 4945-4952.
• Plaisance, H., Sagnier, I., Saison, J.Y., Galloo, J.C., Guillermo, R. (2002) Performances and application of a passive sampling method for the simultaneous determination of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in ambient air. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 301-315
• Plaisance, H. (2004) Response of a Palmes tube at various fluctuations of concentration in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, No. 36, pp. 6115-6120.
• Tasharoffi, S., Dahaghin, A., Kazemi, H., Taghdisian, H., Jafari Behbahanai, T. (2007) Determination of nitrogen dioxide in air using passive sampler and comparison with instrumental method. Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 33, No. 41, pp. 11-16+3.
• Ukpebor, E.E., Ahonkhai, S.I., Heydtmann, H. (2004) NO₂ measurement with a passive sampler: Assessment of the sensitivity of two types of Palmes diffusion tubes for NO₂. International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 67-71.